Effects of Long-Term Irrigation with Treated Wastewater of Parkand Abad Refinery on Some Soil Chemical and Biological Properties

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Respectively., Mashhad., Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Respectively., Mashhad., Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad., Iran

4 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad., Mashhad., Iran

Abstract

Reusing of treated waste water (TWW) for agricultural irrigation is one of the common management strategies for dealing with water deficit in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation with TWW for ten years on some chemical and biological properties of irrigated soils in surrounding land of Kashafrud River located in Mashhad (Iran). The soil samples were collected from 8 points and 3 replications at intervals of 1 Km from surrounding lands of river. Also the soil sample that irrigated with underground water and had the same agricultural management practices was selected as control. The results showed that irrigation with TWW increased the soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in comparison to the control. Also, the TWW increased the concentration of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb), so that they were less than toxicity limits and the concentration changes of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in soil due to TWW was negligible. Application of TWW significantly increased the ratio of Cmic/Corg, respiratory activity and microbial biomass in comparison to the control. The metabolic coefficient (qCO2) values of irrigated soil samples with TWW were significantly less than that of control. The results of this research demonstrated that the irrigation with TWW did not only have adverse effects on soil properties and it also improved them. Furthermore, due to the different entrances of waste water into river, the soil chemical and biological properties were various in different points. 

Keywords


قاسمی،س.ع و دانش،ش. 1389. تأثیر نوع فرآیند تصفیه بر جمعیت پاتوژنیک پساب خروجی تصفیه خانه­های فاضلاب. پنجمین کنگره ملی مهندسی عمران.‎ دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، 16-14 اردیبهشت.
Adrover,M., Farrús,E., Moyà,G., Vadell,J. 2012. Chemical properties and biological activity in soils of Mallorca following twenty years of treated wastewater irrigation. Journal of environmental management. 95: S188-S192.
Al-Lahham,O., El Assi,N.M., Fayyad,M. 2003. Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit.Agricultural Water Management. 61.1: 51-62.
Alvarez-Bernal,D., Contreras-Ramos,S.M., Trujillo-Tapia,N., Olalde-Portugal,V., Frías-Hernández, J.T., Dendooven,L. 2006. Effects of tanneries wastewater on chemical and biological soil characteristics. Applied Soil Ecology. 33.3:269-277.
Anderson,J. 2003. The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse.Water Supply, 3(4), 1-10.
Anderson,T.H. 2003. Microbial eco-physiological indicators to asses soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 98.1: 285-293.
Asano,T., Cotruvo,J.A. 2004. Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater: health and regulatory considerations. Water Research, 38.8: 1941-1951.
Banerjee,M.R., Burton,D.L., Depoe,S. 1997. Impact of sewage sludge application on soil biological characteristics. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 66.3: 241-249.
Barkle,G.F., Stenger,R., Singleton,P.L., Painter,D. J. 2000. Effect of regular irrigation with dairy farm effluent on soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass. Soil Research. 38.6: 1087-1097.
Blumenthal,U.J., Mara,D.D., Peasey,A., Ruiz-Palacios,G., Stott,R. 2000. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78.9: 1104-1116.
Bolan,N.S., Bell,K., Krishan,A.K., JaeWoo,C. 2011. Irrigating horticultural crops with recycled water: an Australian perspective. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 6.1: 1-20.
Boyerahmadi,M., Raiesi,F., Mohammadi,J. 2010. Influence of Different Salinity Levels on Some Microbial Indices in the Presence and Absence of Plant’s Living Roots. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology. 14.51: 103-115.
Brown Jr,G.E., Parks,G.A. 2001. Sorption of trace elements on mineral surfaces:Modern perspectives from spectroscopics tudies,and commentson sorption inthemarine environment. International Geology Review. 43.11: 963-1073.
Buchter,B., Davidoff,B., Amacher,M.C., Hinz,C., Iskandar,I.K., Selim,H.M. 1989. Correlation of Freundlich Kd and n retention parameters with soils and elements. Soil Science. 148.5: 370-379.
Candela,L., Fabregat,S., Josa,A., Suriol,J., Vigués,N., Mas,J. 2007. Assessment of soil and groundwater impacts by treated urban wastewater reuse. A case study: Application in a golf course (Girona, Spain). Science of the total environment. 374.1: 26-35.
Chen,H., Hou,R., Gong,Y., Li,H., Fan,M., Kuzyakov,Y. 2009. Effects of 11 years of conservation tillage on soil organic matter fractions in wheat monoculture in Loess Plateau of China. Soil and Tillage Research. 106.1: 85-94.
Chen,W., Wu,L., Frankenberger,W.T., Chang,A.C. 2008. Soil enzyme activities of long-term reclaimed wastewater-irrigated soils. Journal of environmental quality, 37(5_Supplement), S-36.
Dai,J., Becquer,T., Rouiller,J.H., Reversat,G., Bernhard-Reversat,F., Lavelle,P. 2004. Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralisation and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Cd-contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 25.2: 99-109.
Dar,G.H. 1997. Impact of lead and sewage sludge on soil microbial biomass and carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 58.2: 234-240.
Ensink,J.H., Mahmood,T., van der Hoek,W., Raschid-Sally,L., Amerasinghe,F.P. 2004. A nationwide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: An obscure activity or a vitally important one. Water policy. 6.3: 197-206.
Frenk,S., Hadar,Y., Minz,D. 2014. Resilience of soil bacterial community to irrigation with water of different qualities under Mediterranean climate. Environmental microbiology. 16.2:559-569.
Friedel,J.K., Langer,T., Siebe,C., Stahr,K. 2000. Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 31.5: 414-421.
Goyal,S., Chander,K.,  Kapoor,K.K. 1995. Effect of distillery wastewater application on soil microbiological propertie sand plant growth. Environment and ecology.Kalyani. 13.1: 89-93.
Heinze,S., Chen,Y., El-Nahhal,Y., Hadar,Y., Jung,R., Safi,J., Marschner,B. 2014. Small scale stratification of microbial activity parameters in Mediterranean soils under freshwater and treated wastewater irrigation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 70: 193-204.
Henze,M., Comeau,Y. 2008. Wastewater characterization. Biological wastewater treatment: principles, modelling and design. IWA Publishing, London. 33-52.
Isermeyer,H. 1952. Eine einfache methode zur bestimmang der bodenatmung und der carbonate im Boden. Z.P. Flanzenernaehr Bodenkd 56: 26-38.
Jueschke,E., Marschner,B., Tarchitzky,J., Chen,Y. 2008. Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the dissolved and soil organic carbon in Israeli soils.
Kabata-pendia,A., Pendia,H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton London, New York, Washington, D. C.413 Pp.
Karpukhin,M.M., Ladonin,D.V. 2008. Effect of soil components on the adsorption of heavy metals under technogenic contamination. Eurasian Soil Science. 41.11: 1228-1237.
Kayikcioglu,H.H. 2012. Short-term effects of irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on microbiological activity of a Vertic xerofluvent soil under Mediterranean conditions. Journal of environmental management. 102: 108-114.
Kiziloglu,F.M., Turan,M., Sahin,U., Kuslu,Y., Dursun,A. 2008. Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agricultural water management. 95.6: 716-724.
Kwon,J.S., Yun,S.T., Lee,J.H., Kim,S.O., Jo,H.Y. 2010. Removal of divalent heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and arsenic (III) from aqueous solutions using scoria: kinetics and equilibria of sorption. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 174.1: 307-313.
Lai,T. 2002. Perspectives of peri-urban vegetable production in Hanoi, background paper prepared for the action planning workshop for the CGIAR Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (SIUPA).
Lair,G.J., Gerzabek,M.H., Haberhauer,G. 2007. Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 5.1: 23-27.
Liang,Q., Chen,H., Gong,Y., Fan,M., Yang,H., Lal,R., Kuzyakov,Y. 2012. Effects of 15 years of manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon fractions in a wheat-maize system in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 92.1: 21-33.
Liang,Q., Gao,R., Xi,B., Zhang,Y., Zhang,H. 2014. Long-term effects of irrigation using water from the river receiving treated industrial wastewater on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities. Agricultural Water Management. 135: 100-108.
Lindsay,W.L., Norvell,W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil science society of America journal, 42.3: 421-428.
Mancino,C.F., Pepper,I.L. 1992. Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent: Soil quality. Agronomy Journal. 84.4: 650-654.
Mekki,A., Dhouib,A., Aloui,F., Sayadi,S. 2006. Olive wastewater as an ecological fertiliser. Agronomy for sustainable development. 26.1: 61-67.
Meli,S., Porto,M., Belligno,A., Bufo,S.A., Mazzatura,A., Scopa,A. 2002. Influence of irrigation with lagooned urban wastewater on chemical and microbiological soil parameters in a citrus orchard under Mediterranean condition. Science of the Total Environment. 285.1: 69-77.
Morugán-Coronado,A., García-Orenes,F., Mataix-Solera,J., Arcenegui,V., Mataix-Beneyto,J. 2011. Short-term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on Mediterranean calcareous soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 112.1: 18-26.
Mohammad,M.J., Mazahreh,N. 2003. Changes in soil fertility parameters in response to irrigation of forage crops with secondary treated wastewater. Communications in soil science and plant analysis. 34.9-10: 1281-1294.
Müller,K., Magesan,G.N., Bolan,N.S. 2007. A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides in soil. Agriculture, ecosystems environment. 120.2: 93-116.
Naidu,R., Kookana,R.S., Sumner,M.E., Harter,R. D., Tiller,K.G. 1997. Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality. 26.3: 602-617.
Pedrero,F., Kalavrouziotis,I., Alarcón,J.J., Koukoulakis,P., Asano,T. 2010. Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture review of some practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management. 97.9:1233-1241.
Rattan,R.K., Datta,S.P., Chhonkar,P.K., Suribabu,K., Singh,A.K. 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 109.3: 310-322.
Raubuch,M., Joergensen,R.G. 2002. C and net N mineralisation in a coniferous forest soil: the contribution of the temporal variability of microbial biomass C and N. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 34.6: 841-849.
Rhee,H.P., Yoon,C.G., Son,Y.K., Jang,J.H. 2011. Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea.Paddy and Water Environment. 9.2: 183-191.
Richards,L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils.Soil Science. 78.2: 154.
Schipper,L.A., Williamson,J.C., Kettles,H.A., Speir, T.W. 1996. Impact of land-applied tertiary-treated effluent on soil biochemical properties. Journal of Environmental Quality. 25.5: 1073-1077.
Shariati, Parkand Abad refinery,M. 1995. Evaluation chemical quality of waste water and its application in irrigation. Iranian Journal of water and environment. 10: 51-55.
Stahl,R.S., James,B.R. 1991. Zinc sorption by manganese-oxide-coated sand as a function of pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 55.5: 1291-1294.
Tam,N.F.Y., Wong,Y.S. 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environmental Pollution. 94.3: 283-291.
Tarchitzky,J., Lerner,O., Shani,U., Arye,G.L. A.A., Lowengart‐Aycicegi,A., Brener,A., Chen,Y. 2007. Water distribution pattern in treated wastewater irrigated soils: hydrophobicity effect. European journal of soil science, 58.3: 573-588.
Travis,M.J., Wiel-Shafran,A., Weisbrod,N., Adar,E., Gross,A. 2010. Greywater reuse for irrigation: effect on soil properties. Science of the Total Environment. 408.12: 2501-2508.
Truu,M., Truu,J., Ivask,M. 2008. Soil microbiological and biochemical properties for assessing the effect of agricultural management practices in Estonian cultivated soils. European Journal of Soil Biology. 44.2: 231-237.
Vance,E.D., Brookes,P.C., Jenkinson,D.S. 1987. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil biology and Biochemistry. 19.6: 703-707.
Violante,A., Cozzolino,V., Perelomov,L., Caporale, A.G., Pigna,M. 2010. Mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals and metalloids in soil environments. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition. 10.3: 268-292.
Walkley,A., Black,I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science. 37.1:29-38.
Wallach,R., Ben-Arie,O., Graber,E.R. 2005. Soil water repellency induced by long-term irrigation with treated sewage effluent. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34.5: 1910-1920.
Wang,Z., Chang,A.C., Wu,L., Crowley,D. 2003. Assessing the soil quality of long-term reclaimed wastewater-irrigated cropland. Geoderma. 114.3: 261-278.