تحلیل اثرات مدیریت کوددهی در افزایش بهره‌وری آب و کود در کشت دیم ذرت: تحلیل سناریوها با استفاده از مدل HDYRUS

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه زابل

2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

3 مربی گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه زابل

چکیده

آبشویی از اراضی کشاورزی از مهم‌ترین منابع نقطه‌ای نیتروژن محسوب می­شود که باعث آلودگی آبخوان‌های طبیعی می‌شود. اگرچه نیتروژن یکی از مهم‌ترین عناصر غذایی در تکمیل فرآیند رشد گیاه است، اما کوددهیِ بدون مدیریت و فراتر از حد نیاز گیاه، باعث افزایش آبشویی نیتروژن به منابع آب زیرزمینی شده و منتج به ناپایداری زیست­محیطی می­شود. این مساله به ویژه در کشت دیم به دلیل وقوع بارندگی‌های ناخواسته که ممکن است بیش‌تر از ظرفیت نگهداشت آب در خاک باشد، از اهمیت بیش‌تری برخوردار خواهد بود. به همین دلیل در این پژوهش، سطح بهینه‌ی کود نیتروژن در کشت ذرت دیم در استان مازندران تعیین شد. بدین منظور، ابتدا مدل HYDRUS-2D با استفاده از داده‌های جمع­آوری شده طی تحقیقی دو ساله در مزرعه ذرت، برای پارامترهای هیدرولیکی و شیمیایی واسنجی و صحت­سنجی شد. سپس، از مدل برای شبیه­سازی میزان آبشویی نیترات، نیتروژن جذب شده و نیتروژن باقی­مانده در خاک در 9 سناریوی شدت کودی شامل تیمارِ بدون کود (تنها در نظر گرفتن 10 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن اولیه در خاک)، 50، 100، 150، 200، 250، 300، 350 و 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار استفاده شد. در نهایت، ضمن تحلیل این پارامترها، از معیارهای کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن و نسبت عملکرد محصول به شدت کود نیتروژن، بهترین سطح کوددهی در کشت دیم ذرت تعیین شد. اگرچه بر اساس معیارهای جذرمیانگین مربعات خطا (18/1-8/0 میلی­متر برای رطوبت، 95/7-38/0 میلی­گرم در لیتر برای غلظت نیترات و 8/96-96/3کیلوگرم در هکتار برای میزان نیتروژن جذب شده به­وسیله­ی گیاه)، مدل HYDRUS-2D از دقت مقبولی در شبیه­سازی انتقال آب و املاح در خاک برخوردار است، اما، تغییرات کم­تر رطوبت و غلظت املاح در لایه­های پایینی خاک در طول فصل رشد سبب شد تا دقت مدل در شبیه­سازی حرکت آب و املاح در این لایه­ها بیش­تر از لایه­های سطحی باشد. بر اساس نتایج شبیه­سازی شده با مدل معلوم شد به ازای هر 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش در میزان کود تا 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار، میزان جذب به طور متوسط 20 کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش می­یابد، اما پس از آن، به ویژه برای سطوح بالاتر از 250 کیلوگرم در هکتار، میزان جذب کم­تر از 15 درصد افزایش می­یابد. همگام با کاهش جذب نیتروژن به وسیله­ی گیاه، میزان آبشویی نیتروژن از محدوده­های عمقی مختلف خاک نیز افزایش یافته و باعث خروج عناصر غذایی از لایه­های سطحی و تجمع آن در لایه­های زیرین در انتهای فصل رشد می­شود. شاخص کارآیی مصرف کود بیش­ترین مقدار خود را در سطح کوددهی 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار داشته و در سطوح بالاتر، ثابت مانده و یا کاهش می­یابد. این در حالی است که افزایش شدت کود نیتروژن همواره باعث کاهش میزان عملکرد تولیدی به ازای واحد کود مصرفی شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing the consequences of fertilization management in increasing water and nitrogen productivity under rainfed maize cultivation: Scenarios assessment by using the HYDRUS model

نویسندگان [English]

  • narges Ebrahimi 1
  • Fatemeh Karandish 2
  • parisa Kahkhamoghadam 3
1 MSc student in Irrigation and Drainage, Water Engineering Department, University of Zabol.
2 Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, University of Zabol., Zabol., Iran
3 Instructor, Water Engineering Department, University of Zabol
چکیده [English]

Nitrogen (N) loss from the agricultural lands is one of the most important point-source of N which pollutes natural aquifers. While N is one of the driving nutrition in fulfilling crop growth cycle, unmanaged fertilization beyond crop demand leads to increased N leaching to groundwater resources and causes environmental unsustainability. This issue is more highlighted in rainfed cultivation due to unexpected rainfall events which might be beyond crop water requirement. Hence, we determined optimal N fertilizer rate under rainfed maize cultivation in Mazandaran province. In this regard, HYDRUS-2Dwas first calibrated and validated for soil hydraulic and chemical parameters based on data collected during a two-year maize field investigation. The model was then used for simulating the amount of nitrate leaching, N uptake and N residual in soil under 9 fertilization levels treatments including no fertilization (only 10 kg ha-1 was considered as initial soil N nitrogen), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 kg ha-1. Finally, optimal fertilization rate for rainfed maize was determined based on N use efficiency and the ratio of crop yield to N fertilization rate.While according to RMSE (0.8-1.18 mm for water content, 0.38-7.95 mg l-1 for nitrate concentration, and 3.96-8.96 kg ha-1 for crop N uptake),HYDRUS-2D was capable enough for simulating soil water and solute dynamics, the lower variation in soil water content and solute concentration during the cropping cycle caused the model to be more accurate for simulating soil water and solute dynamics in these layers compared to the surface layer.Based on the simulated results, N uptake will increased by 20 kg ha-1 on average in response to every 50 kg ha-1 increase in N fertilization rate beyond 200 kg ha-1. N leaching below different soil depths increased along with reduced crop N uptake, which led to nutrient removal from the surface soil layers and its aggregation in underlying soil layers at the end of the growing season. Fertilizer use efficiency had its highest value at fertilization rate of 150 kg ha-1, while it remained unchanged at higher N rates. Nevertheless, increased N rate always lead to yield reduction per unit applied fertilizer.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fertilizer use efficiency
  • Nitrate leaching
  • N Uptake
  • Rainfed maize yield
  • The HYDRUD2D model
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