نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

اثر بیوچار و کیفیت آب آبیاری بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران،
2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
3 گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
چکیده
آب‌های نامتعارف، مطمئن‌ترین منابع آبی هستند که در شرایط کمبود، وضعیت نامناسب اقلیمی و بحران‌ها در دسترس می‌باشند. همچنین با توجه قرارگیری کشور ایران در موقعیت جغرافیایی خشک و نیمه‌خشک، باید از هرگونه تلفات تبخیری آب جلوگیری کرد. به همین دلیل، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر بیوچار و پساب تصفیه‌شده بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب بر اساس وزن تر، خشک و دانه ذرت انجام شد. بنابراین آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در گلدان‌های استونه‌ای به ارتفاع 60 و قطر ۳۰ سانتی‌متر و در هوای آزاد در شهرستان قم در سال زراعی 1402-1401 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سه نوع آب با کیفیت مناسب (چاه) (I1)، پساب تصفیه‌شده (I2) و اختلاط آب و پساب تصفیه‌شده با نسبت یکسان (I3) و سه سطح بیوچار (تهیه‌شده از مواد سلولزی چوب‌های جنگلی) شامل 10 درصد حجمی گلدان‌ها (B1)، 5 درصد حجمی گلدان‌ها (B2) و عدم استفاده از بیوچار (B3) بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل کیفیت آب و کاربرد سطوح مختلف بیوچار بر شاخص برداشت، بهره‌وری آب بر اساس وزن تر، خشک و دانه ذرت در سطح احتمال 1 درصد و عمکلرد دانه در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی‌دار شد.بیشترین مقدار صفات شاخص برداشت، بهره‌وری آب بر اساس وزن تر، خشک و دانه ذرت به ترتیب 0/53، 2/04 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب، 0/49 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و 0/19 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و همچنین عملکرد دانه 371/81 گرم از تیمار B1I1 به دست آمد. صفات فوق نسبت به حداقل‌ترین تیمارها، به ترتیب 43/2، 28/3، 44/1 و 35/8 درصد و عملکرد دانه 36/1 درصد افزایش داشت. نتایج کلی حاکی از آن بود که در شرایط ثابت کیفیت آب، بیوچار می‌تواند با حفظ مواد مغذی و رطوبت در خاک، افزایش عملکرد، شاخص برداشت و بهره‌وری آب ذرت را تضمین کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The effect of Biochar and Irrigation Water Quality on Maize Yield and Water Productivity

نویسندگان English

Mustafa Zanjani 1
Mahmoud Mashal 2
Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji 3
1 MS.c. Graduated, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aborihan), College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 2Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aborihan), College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
3 Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده English

For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar and treated effluent on yield and water productivity based on maize's fresh, dry, and grain weight. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks was conducted in cylindrical pots with a height of 60 cm and a diameter of 30 cm and in the open air in Qom City in the 2022-2023 crop year. Experimental treatments were as follows: Three types of water with suitable quality (well) (I1), treated effluent (I2) and water and treated effluent mixing with the same ratio (I3) and three levels of biochar (made from cellulose materials from forest woods) including 10% of the volume of pots (B1), 5% volume percentage of pots was (B2) and no use of biochar (B3). The source of water supply was from a well around the desired land of suitable quality, which after storing in the pool with a drip irrigation system, the pots were watered. Also, the desired effluent was prepared from the Qom City wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the interaction effect of water quality and the application of different levels of biochar on the harvest index, and water productivity based on wet, dry, and maize grain weight was significant at the 1% probability level, and grain yield was significant at the 5% probability level. The highest amounts of the harvest index and maize water productivity based on fresh, dry and grain weight traits were respectively 0.53, 2.04 kg/m3, 0.49 kg/m3, and 0.91 kg/m3, as well as the grain yield of 371.81 gr from B1I1 treatment. These traits increased by 43.2, 28.3, 44.1 and 35.8%, and grain yield by 36.1%, respectively, compared to the minimal treatments.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Improving Water Productivity
Increasing Crop Yield
Strategic Crops
Unconventional Water
Abbasi, P., Babazadeh, H., Yargholi, B. and Bakhoda, H. 2023. Development of forage maize yield–water functions by applying simultaneous different levels of irrigation and treated municipal wastewater. Irrigation and Drainage. 72(1): 119-137.
Ahangari Hassas, M. and Taghizadegan Kalantari, N. 2022. The energy-water-food nexus: Concept, challenges and prospects. Journal of Energy Management and Technology. 6(1): 9-14.
Ahmed, S. S., Bali, R., Khan, H., Mohamed, H. I. and Sharma, S. K. 2021. Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security. Environmental Research. 111527.
Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J. 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision.
Asgari, K., Solimani, A. and Najafi P. 2008. Effects of treated urban wastewater on grain yield index and its components in sunflower plant under different irrigation treatments. Iranian Water Research Journal. 2(2): 45-52.
Bakas, T., Papadimitriou, Ι., Xeroheimonas, I., Mariolis, D., Megas, P. and Argyri, P. 2020. Water crisis-beyond the destruction. Open Schools Journal for Open Science, 3(3).
Cosgrove, W. J. and Rijsberman, F. R. 2014. World water vision: making water everybody's business. Routledge.
Divband Hafshejani, L., Naseri, A. A., Hooshmand, A., Abbasi, F. and Soltani Mohammadi, A. 2017. Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar Application on Chemical Properties a Sandy Loam Soil. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering. 40(1): 63-72.
Emadodin, I., Reinsch, T. and Taube, F. 2019. Drought and desertification in Iran. Hydrology. 6(3): 1-12.
Ghazi, B., Jeihouni, E. and Kalantari, Z. 2021. Predicting groundwater level fluctuations under climate change scenarios for Tasuj plain, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 14(2): 1-12.
Gong, X., Zou, L., Wang, L., Zhang, B. and Jiang, J. 2023. Biochar improves compost humification, maturity and mitigates nitrogen loss during the vermicomposting of cattle manure-maize straw. Journal of Environmental Management. 325: 116432.
Karimi, B., Abdi, C., and Fathi Tileko, Z. 2019. Effects of Irrigation with Treated Urban Wastewater on Yield and Some Growth Characteristics of Tomato and Corn in Greenhouse Condition. Water and Soil Science. 28(4): 19-29.
Khosravi, R., Bafkar, A. and Azari, A. 2024. Evaluation of sustainable agriculture indicators in the west of Iran based on Water, Food and Energy Nexus. Iranian Water Researches Journal. 18(1): 37-47.
Kijne, J. W., Tuong, T. P., Bennett, J., Bouman, B., and Oweis, T. 2003. Ensuring food security via improvement in crop water productivity. Challenge Program on water and Food Background Paper. 1: 20-26.
Ladi, T., Mahmoudpour, A. and Sharifi, A. 2021. Assessing impacts of the water poverty index components on the human development index in Iran. Habitat International. 113: 102375.
Laird, D., Fleming, P., Wang, B., Horton, R. and Karlen, D. 2010. Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma. 158(3-4): 436-442.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'neill, B., ... and Neves, E. G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 70(5): 1719-1730.
Masto, R. E., Kumar, S., Rout, T. K., Sarkar, P., George, J. and Ram, L. C. 2013. Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity. Catena. 111: 64-71.
Mehrabian, S., Naseri, A., Houshmand, A. and Meskar Bashee, M. 2018. The Effect of Dripper Depth and Zeolite Amount on Corn Yield and Yield Criteria. Water and Irrigation Management. 8(2): 321-335.
Moshir Panahi. D., Kalantari, Z., Ghajarnia, N., Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, S. and Destouni, G. 2020. Variability and change in the hydro-climate and water resources of Iran over a recent 30-year period. Scientific reports. 10(1): 1-9.
Najafi-Ghiri, M. 2015. Effect of Different Biochars Application on Some Soil Properties and Nutrients Availability in a Calcareous Soil. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 29(3): 352-358.
Nigussie, A., Kissi, E., Misganaw, M. and Ambaw, G. 2012. Effect of biochar application on soil properties and nutrient uptake of lettuces (Lactuca sativa) grown in chromium polluted soils. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 12(3): 369-376.
Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Ahmadaali, K. and Liaghat, A. 2025. A novel early stage drip irrigation system cost estimation model based on management and environmental variables. Scientific Reports. 15(4089): 1-29.
Pourgholam-Amiji, M., Khoshravesh, M., Divband Hafshejani, L. and Ghadami Firouzabadi, A. 2022. The effect of irrigation with treated magnetic effluent on water productivity of maize. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage. 16(1): 243-253.
Radhika, V., Srinivasan, K., Ramya, R. and Sharmila, B. B. 2022. IoT-Based Water Quality and Quantity Monitoring System for Domestic Usage. In Immersive Technology in Smart Cities (pp. 205-227). Springer, Cham.
Steinbeiss, S., Gleixner, G., and Antonietti, M. 2009. Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 41(6): 1301-1310.
Unkovich, M., Baldock, J., and Forbes, M. 2010. Variability in harvest index of grain crops and potential significance for carbon accounting: examples from Australian agriculture. Advances in agronomy. 105: 173-219.
Vaghefi, S. A., Keykhai, M., Jahanbakhshi, F., Sheikholeslami, J., Ahmadi, A., Yang, H. and Abbaspour, K. C. 2019. The future of extreme climate in Iran. Scientific reports. 9(1): 1-11.
Viswanathan, S. P., Chellian, S. K., Varghese, S. and Semeon, J. 2022. Sustainable Water for Smart Villages–A Case Study. In Smart Villages (pp. 285-299). Springer, Cham.
Willer, H. and Lernoud, J. 2019. The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2019 (pp. 1-336). Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.
Worch, E. 2021. Adsorption technology in water treatment. de Gruyter.