نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

جایگاه مقررات سازمان تجارت جهانی در پیشبرد طرح‌های نوین آبیاری کشاورزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانش آموخته مطالعات منطقه ای گرایش اروپا.دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی.دانشگاه تهران.تهران.ایران
چکیده
با توجه به روند رو به رشد جمعیت جهانی و محدودیت منابع آب، مدیریت کارآمد آن در بخش کشاورزی به چالش اساسی در عرصه بین‌المللی تبدیل شده است. سازمان تجارت جهانی با تنظیم مقررات تجاری و ایجاد چارچوب‌های قانونی، نقش کلیدی در تسهیل انتقال فناوری‌های نوین آبیاری و مدیریت پایدار منابع آب ایفا می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی جایگاه مقررات سازمان تجارت جهانی در توسعه و پیشبرد طرح‌های نوین آبیاری کشاورزی، با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل اسنادی و محتوایی شامل بررسی 38 سند بین‌المللی و تحلیل 25 موافقت‌نامه تجاری در چارچوب نظریه وابستگی متقابل پیچیده انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مقررات این سازمان از طریق تسهیل انتقال فناوری‌های نوین آبیاری، حمایت از حقوق مالکیت معنوی، تنظیم استانداردهای فنی و تسهیل سرمایه‌گذاری مشترک، به افزایش قابل توجه دسترسی کشورهای در حال توسعه به فناوری‌های نوین آبیاری منجر شده، هرچند میزان این دسترسی در کشورهای کمتر توسعه‌یافته محدودتر بوده است. با این وجود، پیچیدگی روابط بین‌المللی، تعارض منافع کشورها و موانع ساختاری موجود در نظام تجارت جهانی، چالش‌هایی را در مسیر اثربخشی این مقررات ایجاد کرده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که برای بهبود اثربخشی این مقررات، نیاز به تقویت سازوکارهای حمایت مالی، فنی و آموزشی از کشورهای در حال توسعه و ایجاد نظام یکپارچه انتقال فناوری است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The position of World Trade Organization regulations in promoting new agricultural irrigation projects

نویسنده English

Hamid Sarfi
Graduated in regional studies with a focus on Europe, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Given the growing trend of the global population and the limitation of water resources, its efficient management in the agricultural sector has become a major challenge in the international arena. By regulating trade regulations and creating legal frameworks, the WTO plays a key role in facilitating the transfer of new irrigation technologies and sustainable management of water resources. This research aims to examine the position of WTO regulations in the development and advancement of new agricultural irrigation projects, using a qualitative approach and documentary and content analysis methods, including the review of 38 international documents and the analysis of 25 trade agreements within the framework of the theory of complex interdependence. The research findings show that the regulations of this organization have led to a significant increase in developing countries' access to new irrigation technologies by facilitating the transfer of new irrigation technologies, protecting intellectual property rights, setting technical standards, and facilitating joint investment, although the extent of this access has been more limited in less developed countries. However, the complexity of international relations, conflicting interests of countries and structural barriers in the global trading system have created challenges in the way of the effectiveness of these regulations. The results show that to improve the effectiveness of these regulations, there is a need to strengthen the mechanisms of financial, technical and educational support for developing countries and to create an integrated system of technology transfer.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Water resources management
intellectual property rights
international cooperation
food security
sustainable development
Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J. 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision.
Anderson, K. 1992. Agricultural trade liberalization and the environment: a global perspective.
Barnett, M. and Duvall, R. 2005. Power in international politics. International Organization. 59(1): 39-75.
Barrett, C. B. and Fanzo, J. and Herrero, M. and Mason-D’Croz, D. and Mathys, A. and Thornton, P. and Wood, S. and Benton, T. G. and Fan, S. and Lawson-Lartego, L. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic lessons for agri-food systems innovation. Environmental Research Letters. 16(10): 101001.
Clapp, J. 2017. Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense. Food Policy. 66: 88-96.
Davis, K. F. and Rulli, M. C. and Seveso, A. and D’Odorico, P. 2017. Increased food production and reduced water use through optimized crop distribution. Nature Geoscience. 10(12): 919-924.
Döll, P. and Müller Schmied, H. and Schuh, C. and Portmann, F. T. and Eicker, A. 2014. Global‐scale assessment of groundwater depletion and related groundwater abstractions: Combining hydrological modeling with information from well observations and GRACE satellites. Water Resources Research. 50(7): 5698-5720.
Evans, R. G. and Sadler, E. J. 2008. Methods and technologies to improve efficiency of water use. Water Resources Research. 44(7).
Fader, M. and Gerten, D. and Krause, M. and Lucht, W. and Cramer, W. 2013. Spatial decoupling of agricultural production and consumption: quantifying dependences of countries on food imports due to domestic land and water constraints. Environmental Research Letters. 8(1): 014046.
Fuglie, K. O. and Hertel, T. W. and Lobell, D. B. and Villoria, N. B. 2024. Agricultural productivity and climate mitigation. Annual Review of Resource Economics. 16(1): 21-40.
Gleick, P. H. and Palaniappan, M. 2010. Peak water limits to freshwater withdrawal and use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(25): 11155-11162.
Grafton, R. Q. and Manero, A. and Chu, L. and Wyrwoll, P. 2023. The price and value of water: An economic review. Cambridge Prisms: Water. 1: e3.
Heucher, K. and Schrage, S. and Abosag, I. 2024. When global is not enough: Applying a paradox lens to sustainability transitions in interorganizational systems. Journal of International Management. 30(5): 101186.
Hoekman, B. M. and Mavroidis, P. C. 2015. World Trade Organization (WTO): Law, economics, and politics. Routledge.
Hoffman, K. and Girvan, N. 1990. Managing international technology transfer: A strategic approach for developing countries. Manuscript reports/IDRC; 259e.
Ikenberry, G. J. 2018. The end of liberal international order? International Affairs. 94(1): 7-23.
Keohane, R. O. and Nye Jr, J. S. 1998. Power and interdependence in the information age. Foreign Affairs. 77: 81.
Keohane, R. O. and Victor, D. G. 2011. The regime complex for climate change. Perspectives on Politics. 9(1): 7-23.
Kramer, B. 2023. Climate insurance: Opportunities for improving agricultural risk management in Kenya. Food Systems Transformation in Kenya. 285.
Lake, D. A. 2018. International legitimacy lost? Rule and resistance when America is first. Perspectives on Politics. 16(1): 6-21.
Liu, J. and Yang, H. and Gosling, S. N. and Kummu, M. and Flörke, M. and Pfister, S. and Hanasaki, N. and Wada, Y. and Zhang, X. and Zheng, C. 2017. Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future. Earth's Future. 5(6): 545-559.
Liu, X. and Liu, Y. and Liu, Z. and Chen, Z. 2021. Impacts of climatic warming on cropping system borders of China and potential adaptation strategies for regional agriculture development. Science of the Total Environment. 755: 142415.
Loftus, S. 2023. Russia, China and the West in the post-Cold War era: The limits of liberal universalism. Springer Nature.
Mavroidis, P. C. 2016. The Regulation of International Trade, Volume 2: The WTO Agreements on Trade in Goods (Vol. 2). MIT Press.
Mueller, N. D. and Gerber, J. S. and Johnston, M. and Ray, D. K. and Ramankutty, N. and Foley, J. A. 2012. Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature. 490(7419): 254-257.
Perry, C. 2011. Accounting for water use: Terminology and implications for saving water and increasing production. Agricultural Water Management. 98(12): 1840-1846.
Poff, N. L. and Brown, C. M. and Grantham, T. E. and Matthews, J. H. and Palmer, M. A. and Spence, C. M. and Wilby, R. L. and Haasnoot, M. and Mendoza, G. F. and Dominique, K. C. 2016. Sustainable water management under future uncertainty with eco-engineering decision scaling. Nature Climate Change. 6(1): 25-34.
Reardon, T. and Awokuse, T. and Belton, B. and Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O. and Minten, B. and Nguyen, G. and Qanti, S. and Swinnen, J. and Vos, R. and Zilberman, D. 2024. Emerging outsource agricultural services enable farmer adaptation in agrifood value chains: A product cycle perspective. Food Policy. 127: 102711.
Rockström, J. and Williams, J. and Daily, G. and Noble, A. and Matthews, N. and Gordon, L. and Wetterstrand, H. and DeClerck, F. and Shah, M. and Steduto, P. 2017. Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability. Ambio. 46: 4-17.
Rosegrant, M. W. and Cline, S. A. 2003. Global food security: Challenges and policies. Science. 302(5652): 1917-1919.
Tadele, Z. and Kantar, M. B. and Pandey, M. K. and Singh, R. K. and Talabi, A. and Vikram, P. and Thushar, S. and Rahman, H. and Ahmadzai, H. and Nhamo, N. 2024. Frontiers Review in Plant Science published: 24 February 2022. Orphan Crops: Breeding and Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Nutrition. 186.
Thornton, P. and Dinesh, D. and Cramer, L. and Loboguerrero, A. M. and Campbell, B. 2018. Agriculture in a changing climate: Keeping our cool in the face of the hothouse. Outlook on Agriculture. 47(4): 283-290.
Tilman, D. and Balzer, C. and Hill, J. and Befort, B. L. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108(50): 20260-20264.
Turral, H. and Burke, J. and Faurès, J.-M. 2011. Climate change, water and food security.
Vörösmarty, C. J. and McIntyre, P. B. and Gessner, M. O. and Dudgeon, D. and Prusevich, A. and Green, P. and Glidden, S. and Bunn, S. E. and Sullivan, C. A. and Liermann, C. R. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature. 467(7315): 555-561.
Wichelns, D. 2010. Virtual water: A helpful perspective, but not a sufficient policy criterion. Water Resources Management. 24: 2203-2219.
Wilson, M. 2024. The evolution of multilateralism in the post-Cold War era: Successes and failures. International Journal of Research and Review Techniques. 3(2): 19-27.
Zhang, X. and Davidson, E. A. and Mauzerall, D. L. and Searchinger, T. D. and Dumas, P. and Shen, Y. 2015. Managing nitrogen for sustainable development. Nature. 528(7580): 51-59.