Increasing water application efficiency is one of the most important strategies for water resource management and improving agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate and compare water application efficiency among different irrigation systems in Semnan Province and to develop evidence-based management strategies for its improvement. The study was applied and descriptive-analytical and was based on the compilation and analysis of technical evaluation results from 63 farms and orchards in different counties of the province during 2010–2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, independent-samples t-test, exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression and cluster analysis. SWOT analysis was also combined with AHP-TOPSIS and sensitivity analysis to scientifically prioritize management strategies. The results showed that mean water application efficiency in pressurized irrigation systems (63.2%) was significantly higher than that in surface irrigation systems (38.2%). The highest efficiencies were observed in linear move (80.6%), drip (76.4%), and center pivot (73.2%) systems, while the lowest were recorded for wheel-move sprinkler (36.9%) and furrow (30.2%) systems. Factor analysis revealed three major factors, including technical system management, soil and crop conditions, and irrigation intensity, which together accounted for 83% of the total variance. The regression model explained 74% of the variation and identified irrigation system type as the most important predictor of efficiency. TOPSIS ranked improving the operation and maintenance of existing systems as the highest-priority strategy. Overall, improving efficiency requires integrated management, farmer training, systematic monitoring, and targeted development of high-efficiency irrigation systems.