مقایسه عملکرد و شبیه‌سازی حرکت و جذب آب و الگوی پخش ریشه ذرت دانه‌ای در سامانه‌های آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی و زیرسطحی و مالچ پلاستیکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 استاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

اهمیت ریشه و الگوی جذب آب از خاک توسط آن یکی از عوامل مؤثر در رشد و نمو گیاهان زراعی است. نحوه توزیع ریشه در خاک تحت شرایط مختلف زراعی متفاوت بوده و اعمال مدیریت‌های مناسب منجر به افزایش جذب آب توسط ریشه و افزایش کارایی مصرف آب و در نهایت عملکرد محصول خواهد شد. بدین منظور مطالعه‌ای با هدف بررسی تأثیر روش‌های آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر سطحی (Sb)، آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی (S) و آبیاری قطره‌ای سطحی همراه با مالچ پلاستیکی (Sm)، که در مطالعات محدودی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، بر روی عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب و شبیه‌سازی حرکت آب و جذب ریشه با مدل HYDRUS-2D و خصوصیات آن در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 98-1397 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ارومیه انجام شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده مشخص شد که تیمار (Sm) و (S) به ترتیب دارای بیشترین میزان عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب به ترتیب به میزان 6/36 تن بر هکتار و 1/2 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب بودند. همچنین بیشترین میزان حجم و وزن ریشه مربوط به تیمار (S) به ترتیب به میزان 6/325 گرم و 8/251 میلی‌لیتر بود. بر اساس شبیه‌سازی‌های صورت گرفته مشخص شد که تغییرات رطوبت در تیمار (S) بیشتر در سطح خاک اتفاق افتاده است ولی در تیمار (Sb) این تغییرات در عمق خاک و در تیمار (Sm) در یک عمق مشخص که فاصله کمی از سطح خاک دارد، دیده می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of yield and water flow simulation, maize root uptake and pattern of maize root distribution in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems and plastic mulch

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fateme Zeynali 1
  • Sina Besharat 2
  • Javad Behmanesh 3
1 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 57153, IRAN
2 Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University
3 Professor of Water Engineering, Department of Water Engineering, Urmia University. Urmia. Iran
چکیده [English]

The importance of roots and the pattern of water uptake from soil is one of the effective factors in the growth and development of crops. The distribution of roots in the soil is different under various agronomic conditions and the application of appropriate management will lead to increased water uptake by the roots and increase water use efficiency and ultimately crop yield. For this purpose, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation (Sb), surface drip irrigation (S) and surface drip irrigation with plastic mulch (Sm) which has been considered in limited studies, on water use efficiency, yield and simulation of water movement and root water uptake by HYDRUS-2D model and its characteristics was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replicated at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Urmia University in 2018-2019 growing season. Results showed that the treatment (Sm) and (S) had 36.6 tons per hectare and 2.1 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Also, the highest volume and weight of roots was obtained from treatment (S), respectively, 325.6 gr and 251.8 ml. Based on the simulations, it was found that changes in soil moisture in treatment (S) occurred more at the soil surface, but in treatment (Sb) these changes in soil depth and in treatment (Sm) at a certain depth that a small distance It can be seen from the surface of the soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • HYDRUS-2D model
  • Maxima cultivar
  • Root radius
  • Water balance
باریده، ر. و بشارت، س. 1395. اندازه­گیری و ارزیابی مدل HYDRUS-2D  در توزیع رطوبت و جذب ریشه در آبیاری جویچه­ای. اولین کنفرانس بین­المللی آب، محیط­زیست و توسعه پایدار. گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، مهرماه 1395.
جلینی، م. 1390. بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف آب و مالچ پلاستیک بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب گوجهفرنگی در روش آبیاری قطرهای سطحی و زیرسطحی. نشریه آب و خاک. 25(5): 1032-1025.
فراستی، م. و شاکری، ح. 1397. شبیه‌سازی نفوذ آب در خاک با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Hydrus1D و داده‌های صحرایی. نشریه پژوهش­های حفاظت آب و خاک. 25(3):128-113.
قنبری، ا.، روشنی، ح. و توسلی، ا. 1391. اثر تاریخ کاشت بر برخی خصوصیات زراعی و عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم زمستانه. نشریه علمی- پژوهشی اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی. 2(22):144-127.
لیاقت، ع.م.، پورغلام آمیجی.، م. و مشهوری­نژاد.، پ. 1397. اثر آبیاری سطحی و زیرسطحی با آب شور و مالچ بر عملکرد و بهره وری آب ذرت و توزیع املاح در خاک. نشریه آب و خاک (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی). 32(4): 661-674.
Bao, Y., Aggarwal, P., Robbins, N.E., Sturrock, C.J., Thompson, M.C., Tan, H.Q., Tham, C., Duan, L., Rodriguez, P.L., Vernoux, T., Mooney, S.J., Bennett, M.J. and  Dinneny, J.R., 2014. Plant roots use a patterning mechanism to position lateral root branches toward available water. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (25): 9319–9324.
Cai, Y., Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhu, D., Chen, J.W.S. and Zhaoa, X. 2017. Simulation of soil water movement under subsurface irrigation with porous ceramic emitter. Agricultural Water Management. 192: 244–256.
Dong-Liang, Q., Tian-Tian, H. and Xue, S. Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 19(0): 2-16.
Enciso, J., Jifon, J., Anciso, J. and Ribera, L .2015. Productivity of onions using subsurface drip irrigation versus furrow irrigation systems with an internet based irrigation scheduling program. International Journal of Agronomy. 2015:1–6.
Feddes, R., Raats, P. 2004. Parameterizing the Soil-Water-Plant Root System. Unsaturated-Zone Modeling: Progress, Challenges, and Applications 6. Wageningen UR Frontis, pp. 95–141.
Forkutsa, I., Sommer, R., Shirokova, Y.I., Lamers, J.P.A., Kienzler, K. and Tischbein, B. 2009. Modeling irrigated cotton with shallow groundwater in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan: I. Water dynamics. Irrigation Science. 27: 331–346.
Hurni, S., Scheuermann, D., Krattinger, S.G., Kessel, B., Wicker, T., Herren, G., Fitze, M.N., Breen, J., Presterl, T., Ouzunova, M. and Keller, B. 2015. The maize disease resistance gene Htn1 against northern corn leaf blight encodes a wall-associated receptor- like kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (28): 8780–8785.
Ku, L.X., Zhao, W.M., Zhang, J., Wu, L.C., Wang, C.L., Wang, P.A., Zhang, W.Q. and Chen, Y.H., 2010. Quantitative trait loci mapping of leaf angle and leaf orientation value in maize (Zea mays L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 121: 951–959.
Li, S.X., Wang, Z.H., Li, S.Q., Gao, Y.J. and Tian, X.H., 2013. Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch, and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dryland areas of China. Agricultural Water Management. 116: 39–49.
Li, X., Simunek, J., Shi, H., Yan, J., Peng, Z. and Gong, X. 2017. Spatial distribution of soil water, soil temperature, and plant roots in adrip-irrigated intercropping field with plastic mulch. European Journal of Agronomy. 83:47-56.
Liu, Y., Li, Y. and Li, J. 2015. Effects of nitrogen management on the growth and yield of mulched and drip-irrigated maize in Northeast Black Soil Regions. Trans. CSAM 10. (46): 93–104 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu, E.K., Mei, X.R., Yan, C.R., Gong, D.Z. and Zhang, Y.Q. 2015b. Effects of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter translocation and WUE in two winter wheat genotypes. Agriculture Water Management. 167: 75-85.
Luu, D.T., Maurel, C. 2005. Aquaporins in a challenging environment: molecular gears for adjusting plant water status. Plant Cell Environment. 28: 85-96.
Lynch, J.P. 2018. Rightsizing root phenotypes for drought resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany. 69(13): 1–14.
Mazaheri, M., Heckwolf, M., Vaillancourt, B., Gage, J.L., Burdo, B., Heckwolf, S., Barry, K., Lipzen, A., Ribeiro, C.B., Kono, T.J.Y., Kaeppler, H.F., Spalding, E.P., Hirsch, C.N., Robin Buell, C., de Leon, N. and Kaeppler, S.M. 2019. Genome-wide association analysis of stalk biomass and anatomical traits in maize. BMC Plant Biol. 19: 1–17.
Mbah, C.N., Nwite, J.N., Njoku, C., Ibeh, L.M. and Igwe, T.S. 2009. Physical properties of an ultisol under plastic film and no-mulches and their effect on the yield of maize. Journal of American Science. 5: 25–30.
Mohammadi, A., Besharat, S. and Abbasi, F. 2019. Effects of irrigation and fertilization management on reducing nitrogen losses and increasing corn yield under furrow irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 213: 1116-1129.
Morris, E.C., Griffiths, M., Golebiowska, A., Mairhofer, S., Burr-Hersey, J., Goh, T., von Wangenheim, D., Atkinson, B., Sturrock, C.J., Lynch, J.P., Vissenberg, K., Ritz, K., Wells, D.M., Mooney, S.J. and Bennett, M.J. 2017. Shaping 3D root system architecture. Current Biology. 27 (17): 919–930.
Palta, J.A., Fillery, I.R.P. and Rebetzke, G.J. 2007. Restricted-tillering wheat does not lead to greater investment in roots and early nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Research. 104 (1-3): 52–59.
Šimůnek, J., van Genuchten, M.T. and Šejna, M. 2011. The HYDRUS software package for simulating two- and three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media. Technical Manual, Version 2. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.
Šimůnek, J., van Genuchten, M.T., Šejna, M., 2016. Recent developments and applications of the HYDRUS computer software packages. Vadose Zone. 15: 25.
Skaggs, T., Trout, T., Šimůnek, J. and Shouse, P. 2004. Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 130: 304–310.
Tang, Y. 2011. Application of HYDRUS-1D/2D in process of soil water infiltration simulation. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences. 39: 22390–22393.
Thamer, T.Y., Nassif, N. and Almaeini, A.H. 2021. The productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) water using efficacy and consumptive use under different irrigation systems. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 9(1): 90-103.
Thorburn, P,J., Bristow, K.L. and Cook, F.J. 2015. Improving Trickle Irrigation: Better Matching Trickle Systems Design to Soils. Acta horticulture. 123:34-46.
Wang, F.X., Wu, X., Shock, C.C., Chu, L., Gu, X. and Xue, X. 2011a. Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality under plastic mulch in arid Northwestern China. Field Crops Research. 122: 78–84.
Wang, T.C., Wei, L., Wang, H.Z., Ma, S.C. and Ma, B.L. 2011b. Responses of rainwater conservation, precipitation-use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize to a furrow-planting and straw-mulching system in Northern China. Field Crops Research. 124 (2): 223–230.
Wang, D., Li, G., Mo, Y., Zhang, D., Xu, X., Wilkerson, C.J. and Hoogenboom, G. 2021. Evaluation of subsurface, mulched and non‑mulched surface drip irrigation for maize production and economic benefits in northeast China. Irrigation science. 39: 159-171.
Xu, D., Gong, S. and Li, Y. 2010. Overview of recent study on improvement approaches and methods for crop water productivity. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 41 (6): 631–639 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Yaghi, T., Arslan, A. and Naoum, F. 2013. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus: L.) water use efficiency(WUE) under plastic mulch and drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 128: 149–157.
York, L.M., Nord, E.A. and Lynch, J.P. 2013. Integration of root phenes for soil resource acquisition. Front. Plant Science. 4: 1–15.
Zhang, G., Liu, C., Xiao, C., Xie, R., Ming, B., Hou, P., Liu, G., Xu, W., Shen, D., Wang, K. and Li, S. 2017. Optimizing water use efficiency and economic return of super high yield spring maize under drip irrigation and plastic mulching in arid areas of China. Field Crop Research. 211: 137-146.
Zhao, P., Li, S., Li, F., Du, T., Tong, L. and Kang, S. 2015. Comparison of dual crop coefficient method and Shuttleworth–Wallace model in evapotranspiration partitioning in a vineyard of northwest China. Agricultural Water Management. 160: 41–56.
Zuo, Q., Zhang, R. and Shi, J. Characterization of the root length density distribution of wheat using a generalized function. Enhancing Understanding and Quantification of Soil–Root Growth Interactions, (enhancing under), 93-117.