نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران

عوامل موثر بر قصد کشاورزان شهرستان شوشتر نسبت به تغییر روش کشت برنج از غرقابی به خشکه‏کاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان
2 دانشجوی دکتری آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی ومنابع طبیعی خوزستان،‌ملاثانی، ایران
3 دانشیار دانشکده مهندسی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی، دانشگاه منچستر، انگلستان
چکیده
خشکه‌کاری در کشت برنج یکی از روش‌های نوین مدیریت منابع آبی است که به‌ویژه در مناطق با کمبود آب، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این روش، برخلاف روش سنتی غرقابی، برنج در شرایط خاک مرطوب اما بدون تجمع آب کشت می‌شود، که موجب کاهش مصرف آب و افزایش بهره‌وری منابع می‌شود. خشکه‌کاری نه تنها به بهبود ساختار خاک و تهویه بهتر ریشه‌ها کمک می‌کند، بلکه انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای مانند متان را که در روش غرقابی بسیار رایج است، به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش می‌دهد. این روش همچنین ریسک ابتلا به بیماری‌های مرتبط با رطوبت بالا را کاهش داده و نیاز به استفاده از سموم شیمیایی را کم‌تر می‌کند. با وجود این مزایا، این روش کمتر مورد استفاده کشاورزان قرار می‏گیرد. در این راستا این پژوهش با هدف کلی عوامل موثر بر قصد کشاورزان نسبت به تغییر روش کشت برنج از غرقابی به خشکه‏کاری انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه کشاورزان شهرستان شوشتر بود که از روش غرقابی اقدام به کشت برنج می‏کنند بود. ابزار اصلی تحلیل پرسشنامه‏ای بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تایید شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ها در دو بخش توصیفی و استنباطی از نرم‏افزارهای SPSS و Smart Pls استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد مدل اولیه و توسعه یافته رفتار برنامه‏ریزی شده توانست به ترتیب 6/50 و 2/69 درصد از واریانس قصد کشاورزان را در این زمینه تبیین ‏کند. به عبارت دیگر متغیرها نگرش،‌هنجار ذهنی، کنترل رفتار درک شده و مزایای درک شده از روش خشکه‏کاری اثر مثبت و معنی‏داری بر قصد کشاورزان به پذیرش این روش دارد. علاوه بر این، نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو مدل (اولیه و توسعه یافته) متغیر نگرش مهمترین عامل اثرگذار در این زمینه بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Factors affecting the intention of farmers in Shushtar County to change rice cultivation method from flooded to dry direct-seeded

نویسندگان English

Mohammad amin Ghezi 2
Homa Molavi 3
2 PhD student in Agricultural Education, Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Molathani, Iran
3 Engineering school, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
چکیده English

Dry direct-seeded rice is a modern approach to water-efficient rice cultivation, particularly beneficial in regions facing water shortages. Unlike the traditional flooding method, this technique involves planting rice in moist soil without prolonged water accumulation, leading to reduced water consumption and improved resource efficiency. Despite its environmental and economic advantages, adoption among farmers remains limited. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing farmers' intention to transition from flooded rice cultivation to dry direct-seeded rice. The research was conducted in Shushtar County, where farmers primarily use the flooding method for rice cultivation. A structured questionnaire served as the primary data collection tool, with validity confirmed by a panel of experts and reliability assessed via Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software to evaluate the impact of various psychological and economic factors on farmers' adoption intentions. Findings indicate that both the initial and extended models of planned behavior explained 50.6% and 69.2% of the variance in farmers' intention to adopt dry direct-seeded rice, respectively. Key influencing variables include attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived benefits, all of which showed a significant positive effect on adoption intention. Among these, attitude emerged as the most influential factor, underscoring the importance of shaping positive perceptions toward this cultivation method. Given the impact of social influence and perceived benefits, strategies such as targeted education, financial incentives, demonstration farms, and policy support are critical for enhancing adoption rates. The study highlights the need for comprehensive interventions that address farmers’ concerns, promote sustainability, and optimize water resource management.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Dry direct-seeded rice
rice cultivation
change in cultivation pattern
farmers
Shushtar city
Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Gifford, R. and Vlek, C. 2009. Factors influencing car use for commuting and the intention to reduce it: A question of self-interest or morality? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 12(4):317–324.
Agyei, V., Adom-Asamoah, G., Nanor, M.A. and Poku-Boansi, M. 2025. Understanding walking behaviour from an African context through the lenses of the theory of planned behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 113:143–157.
Ajzen, I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50(2):179–211.
Ajzen, I. 2020. The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies. 2(4):314–324.
Ajzen, I. and Kruglanski, A.W. 2019. Reasoned action in the service of goal pursuit. Psychological Review. 126(5):774.
Ali, W., Mao, K., Zhang, H., Junaid, M., Xu, N., Rasool, A. and Yang, Z. 2020. Comprehensive review of the basic chemical behaviours, sources, processes, and endpoints of trace element contamination in paddy soil–rice systems in rice-growing countries. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 397:122720.
Amghani, M.S., Miladi, H., Savari, M. and Mojtahedi, M. 2025. Factors influencing the agricultural extension model sites in Iran. Scientific Reports. 15(1):9590.
Antonelli, M., Laio, F. and Tamea, S. 2017. Water resources, food security and the role of virtual water trade in the MENA region. Environmental Change and Human Security in Africa and the Middle East. 199–217.
Asakereh, A. and Yousofi, N. 2018. Reflective thinking, self-efficacy, self-esteem and academic achievement of Iranian EFL students in higher education: Is there a relationship? International Journal of Educational Psychology. 7(1):68–89.
Azadi, Y., Yaghoubi, J., Gholamrezai, S. and Rahimi-Feyzabad, F. 2024. Farmers' adaptation behavior to water scarcity in Western Iran: Application of the values-identity-personal norms model. Agricultural Water Management. 306:109210.
Banayo, N.P., Kanno, N., Rahon, R.E., Cruz, P.C.S., Bueno, C.S., Suralta, R.S. and Kato, Y. 2022. Nitrogen fertilizer response of dry direct-seeded rice in rainfed lowlands of the Philippines. European Journal of Agronomy. 139:126553.
Bandumula, N. 2018. Rice production in Asia: Key to global food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 88:1323–1328.
Bayard, B. and Jolly, C. 2007. Environmental behavior structure and socio-economic conditions of hillside farmers: A multiple-group structural equation modeling approach. Ecological Economics. 62(3–4):433–440.
Bayranvand, M.B., Rahimian, M., Savari, M., Molavi, H. and Movahed, R.G. 2025. Predictors of ranchers’ protection behaviors in the use of pastures through protection motivation theory. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 98:576–587.
Bird, E.L., Panter, J., Baker, G., Jones, T., Ogilvie, D. and iConnect Consortium. 2018. Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Transport and Health. 10:11–27.
Boazar, M., Abdeshahi, A. and Yazdanpanah, M. 2020. Changing rice cropping patterns among farmers as a preventive policy to protect water resources. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 63(14):2484–2500.
Boazar, M., Yazdanpanah, M. and Abdeshahi, A. 2019. Response to water crisis: How do Iranian farmers think about and intent in relation to switching from rice to less water-dependent crops? Journal of Hydrology. 570:523–530.
Cammarata, M., Scuderi, A., Timpanaro, G. and Cascone, G. 2024. Factors influencing farmers' intention to participate in the voluntary carbon market: An extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management. 369:122367.
Castillo, G.M.L., Engler, A. and Wollni, M. 2021. Planned behavior and social capital: Understanding farmers’ behavior toward pressurized irrigation technologies. Agricultural Water Management. 243:106524.
Chauhan, B.S., Jabran, K. and Mahajan, G. 2017. Rice production worldwide. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
Chen, M.F. 2017. Modeling an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict intention to take precautions to avoid consuming food with additives. Food Quality and Preference. 58:24–33.
Dhir, A., Koshta, N., Goyal, R.K., Sakashita, M. and Almotairi, M. 2021. Behavioral reasoning theory perspectives on e-waste recycling and management. Journal of Cleaner Production. 280:124269.
Ejeta, L.T., Ardalan, A., Paton, D. and Yaseri, M. 2016. Predictors of community preparedness for flood in Dire-Dawa town, Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 19:341–354.
Fatahi, S., Vahedi, M., Arayesh, M.B. and Samani, R.E. 2021. Assessing social dimension of water security in villages of Harsin County in the semi-arid region of Iran. Sustainable Water Resources Management. 7:1–13.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. 1977. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Gao, L., Wang, S., Li, J. and Li, H. 2017. Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to understand individual’s energy saving behavior in workplaces. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 127:107–113.
Ishfaq, M., Akbar, N., Zulfiqar, U., Ali, N., Ahmad, M., Anjum, S.A. and Farooq, M. 2021. Influence of water management techniques on milling recovery, grain quality and mercury uptake in different rice production systems. Agricultural Water Management. 243:106500.
Kakar, Z., Shah, S.M. and Khan, M.A. 2018. Scarcity of water resources in rural area of Quetta District, challenges and preparedness. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 414:012013.
Liang, Y., Kee, K.F. and Henderson, L.K. 2018. Towards an integrated model of strategic environmental communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 46(2):135–154.
Liu, Y., Cai, L., Ma, F. and Wang, X. 2023. Revenge buying after the lockdown. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 72:103263.
Liu, Y., Sheng, H., Mundorf, N., Redding, C. and Ye, Y. 2017. Integrating norm activation model and theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14(12):1593.
Luo, T., Young, R. and Reig, P. 2015. Aqueduct projected water stress country rankings. Technical Note. 16:1–16.
Luo, X., Liao, J., Zang, Y. and Zhou, Z. 2016. Improving agricultural mechanization level to promote agricultural sustainable development. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. 32(1):1–11.
Namikawa, M., Matsunami, T., Yabiku, T., Takahashi, T., Matsunami, M. and Hasegawa, T. 2023. Analysis of yield constraints for stable cultivation of dry direct-seeded rice in northeastern Japan. Field Crops Research. 295:108896.
Nasiri, A.R., Kerachian, R., Mashhadi, M., Shahangian, S.A. and Zobeidi, T. 2024. Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict the behavior of farmers in choosing low-water-intensive medicinal plants. Journal of Environmental Management. 369:122333.
Ong, A.K.S., Tacardon, E.R. and Gumasing, M.J.J. 2025. An extended theory of planned behavior approach for assessing factors affecting street food consumption in the Philippines. Food Quality and Preference. 123:105344.
Rahman, M.M. 2019. Potential benefits of dry direct seeded rice culture: A review. Fundamental and Applied Agriculture. 4(2):744–758.
Rahman, M.S., Bag, S., Hossain, M.A., Fattah, F.A.M.A., Gani, M.O. and Rana, N.P. 2023. The new wave of AI-powered luxury brands online shopping experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 72:103273.
Rajab-Kalantarzadeh, M. and Savari, M. 2025. Impacts of resilience on food security in rural households of Iran under drought conditions. Results in Engineering. 105145.
Ray, D.K., Mueller, N.D., West, P.C. and Foley, J.A. 2013. Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS ONE. 8(6):e66428.
Razzaghzadeh, Z., Tabesh, M., Nasseri, M., Masoumi, F. and Yazdanpanah, M. 2025. Beyond tradition: Unveiling the socio-psychological drivers of sustainable water use in farming. Journal of Environmental Management. 382:125313.
Relente, A.R.R. and Capistrano, E.P.S. 2025. Innovation self-efficacy, theory of planned behavior, and entrepreneurial intentions. Asia Pacific Management Review. 30(3):100350.
Rezaei, R. and Mianaji, S. 2019. Using the health belief model to understand farmers’ intentions to engage in on-farm food safety practices in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 21(3):561–574.
Rezaei, R., Seidi, M. and Karbasioun, M. 2019. Pesticide exposure reduction: Extending the theory of planned behavior to understand Iranian farmers’ intention to apply personal protective equipment. Safety Science. 120:527–537.
Rouzaneh, D. and Savari, M. 2024. Redefining maladaptation to climate change: A conceptual examination of the unintended consequences of adaptation strategies on ecological-human systems. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 7:1506295.
Sandhu, N., Singh, J., Singh, G., Sethi, M., Singh, M.P., Pruthi, G. and Kumar, A. 2022. Development and validation of a novel core set of KASP markers for the traits improving grain yield and adaptability of rice under direct-seeded cultivation conditions. Genomics. 114(2):110269.
Savari, M. and Khaleghi, B. 2024. Factors influencing the application of forest conservation behavior among rural communities in Iran. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 21:100325.
Savari, M. and Khaleghi, B. 2025. Promoting safe and pro-environmental behaviors for sustainable forest management: Integrating technology acceptance model and the norm activation model. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 98:102158.
Savari, M., Amghani, M.S. and Malekian, A. 2025. Factors influencing the use of treated wastewater for irrigation in the agricultural sector: Evidence from Iran. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 100901.
Savari, M., Damaneh, H.E. and Damaneh, H.E. 2024. Managing the effects of drought through the use of risk reduction strategy in the agricultural sector of Iran. Climate Risk Management. 45:100619.
Savari, M., Damaneh, H.E. and Damaneh, H.E. 2025. Discover the determining factors of the use of mangrove forests conservation behaviors. Journal for Nature Conservation. 83:126768.
Savari, M., Eskandari Damaneh, H. and Damaneh, H.E. 2021. Factors influencing farmers’ management behaviors toward coping with drought: Evidence from Iran. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 64(11):2021–2046.
Savari, M., Ghezi, M. and Molavi, H. 2025. Encouraging low-water-use crops: Behavioral drivers and policy recommendations for sustainable water management. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 100711.
Savari, M., Ghezi, M. and Molavi, H. 2025. Social capital and behavioral response to water scarcity: Sustainable agriculture policy pathways for adopting dry direct-seeded rice. Agricultural Water Management. 313:109478.
Savari, M., Khaleghi, B. and Sheheytavi, A. 2024. Iranian farmers' response to the drought crisis: How can the consequences of drought be reduced? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 114:104910.
Savari, M., Khaleghi, B. and Sheheytavi, A. 2025. How to reduce the risk of climate change for the sustainability of rural farmers? Evidence from Iran. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 25:100581.
Savari, M., Yazdanpanah, M. and Rouzaneh, D. 2025. Applying conservation agriculture practices as a strategy to control soil erosion and carbon sequestration. Results in Engineering. 26:104854.
Savari, M., Zhoolideh, M. and Limuie, M. 2024. The combination of climate information services in the decision-making process of farmers to reduce climate risks: Application of social cognition theory. Climate Services. 35:100500.
Savari, M., Zhoolideh, M. and Limuie, M. 2024. Factors affecting the use of climate information services for agriculture: Evidence from Iran. Climate Services. 33:100438.
Savari, M., Zhoolideh, M. and Limuie, M. 2024. An analysis of the barriers to using climate information services to build a resilient agricultural system in Iran. Natural Hazards. 120(2):1395–1419.
Shahangian, S.A., Tabesh, M. and Yazdanpanah, M. 2021. Psychosocial determinants of household adoption of water-efficiency behaviors in Tehran capital, Iran: Application of the social cognitive theory. Urban Climate. 39:100935.
Shehawy, Y.M. and Khan, S.M.F.A. 2024. Consumer readiness for green consumption: The role of green awareness as a moderator of the relationship between green attitudes and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 78:103739.
Shi, H., Fan, J. and Zhao, D. 2017. Predicting household PM2.5-reduction behavior in Chinese urban areas: An integrative model of theory of planned behavior and norm activation theory. Journal of Cleaner Production. 145:64–73.
Shokati Amghani, M., Mojtahedi, M. and Savari, M. 2023. An economic effect assessment of extension services of agricultural extension model sites for the irrigated wheat production in Iran. Scientific Reports. 13(1):16947.
Si, H., Duan, X., Zhang, W., Su, Y. and Wu, G. 2022. Are you a water saver? Discovering people's water-saving intention by extending the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management. 311:114848.
Siebert, R., Berger, G., Lorenz, J. and Pfeffer, H. 2010. Assessing German farmers’ attitudes regarding nature conservation set-aside in regions dominated by arable farming. Journal for Nature Conservation. 18(4):327–337.
Soliman, M. 2021. Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict tourism destination revisit intention. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration. 22(5):524–549.
Vassallo, M., Saba, A., Arvola, A., Dean, M., Messina, F., Winkelmann, M. and Shepherd, R. 2009. Willingness to use functional breads: Applying the health belief model across four European countries. Appetite. 52(2):452–460.
Villamayor-Tomas, S., Sagebiel, J., Rommel, J. and Olschewski, R. 2021. Types of collective action problems and farmers’ willingness to accept agri-environmental schemes in Switzerland. Ecosystem Services. 50:101304.
Wang, K., van Hemmen, S.F. and Criado, J.R. 2022. The behavioural intention to use MOOCs by undergraduate students: Incorporating technology acceptance model with theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Educational Management. 36(7):1321–1342.
Wang, W., Long, J., Wang, H., Huang, W., Zhang, Y. and Duan, T. 2024. Insights into the effects of anilofos on direct-seeded rice production system through untargeted metabolomics. Environmental Pollution. 360:124668.
Yazdanpanah, M. and Forouzani, M. 2015. Application of the theory of planned behaviour to predict Iranian students' intention to purchase organic food. Journal of Cleaner Production. 107:342–352.
Yin, Z., Li, B., Li, S., Ding, J. and Zhang, L. 2022. Key influencing factors of green vegetable consumption in Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 66:102907.
Zarei, Z., Karami, E. and Keshavarz, M. 2020. Co-production of knowledge and adaptation to water scarcity in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management. 262:110283.
Zhang, L., Tang, Q., Li, L., Xu, H., Zheng, H., Wang, J. and Tang, J. 2022. Ratoon rice with direct seeding improves soil carbon sequestration in rice fields and increases grain quality. Journal of Environmental Management. 317:115374